Monday, March 7, 2016

Public Awareness about tooth

Increased public awareness of dental
sealants, and improved communication
between parents and oral health professionals,
will help parents make informed
decisions about dental sealant application
for their children and adolescents.
Racial and ethnic minorities and individuals
with low levels of formal education
and low incomes are least knowledgeable
about oral disease prevention, including
the effectiveness of dental sealants.
Because they lack insurance or access to
preventive services, children and adolescents
from these groups have fewer dental
visits and fewer dental sealants.
 Dental sealants are most cost-effective
when provided to children and adolescents
who are at highest risk for dental caries.
School-based dental sealant programs
have been proven to reduce oral health
disparities in children and adolescents by
providing this cost-effective preventive
strategy to those who are at highest risk
for dental caries.read more...

Disparities in Care

Non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children
and adolescents have a significantly lower prevalence of
dental sealants than non-Hispanic white children and
adolescents.
Children and adolescents from families with low
incomes (less than 200 percent of the federal poverty
level) are more than twice as likely to have untreated
dental caries (tooth decay) in their permanent teeth as are their higher-income counterparts.
Children and adolescents from families with low incomes are almost 50 percent less likely to have received dental sealants than their higher-income counterparts.read more...

Build healthy teeth.

Access to Care
Since 2000, the prevalence of dental
sealants among 8-year-old children
and 14-year-old adolescents
has increased, although it remains
substantially below the Healthy People
national objective target prevalence of 50 percent for both ages.
Factors contributing to the increased prevalence of dental sealants among 

children from families
with low incomes may include Medicaid reimbursement rates and the provision of sealants
in school-based oral health programs.
School-based dental sealant programs are an important
and effective public health approach that complements
clinical care systems in promoting the oral health of
children and adolescents.
Dental sealant programs typically target students in
second grade, when the first permanent molars have
generally erupted, and in sixth grade, when the second

permanent molars have generally erupted.read more...

Preventing Tooth Decay



Dental sealants are thin plastic coatings
that are applied to the pits and fissures
(grooves) on the chewing surfaces of molar
teeth. Most tooth decay experienced by
children and adolescents occurs on these
surfaces. Sealants prevent dental caries (tooth
decay) by creating a physical barrier against

bacterial plaque and food.
PreventingTooth Decay
Dental caries (tooth decay) prevention
in children and adolescents
involves a range of population- and
individual-level strategies that may
include dental sealants, community
water fluoridation, topical fluorides
(e.g., fluoride toothpaste, fluoride
varnish), antibacterial rinses, education,
and dietary interventions.
Dental sealants are an effective
tool in both preventing caries and
stopping the progression of early
caries (noncavitated lesions). Placing
dental sealants on the chewing
surfaces of molars with early signs of
decay significantly lowers the probability
that the decay will progress,
compared with the progression for
similar teeth that have not been
sealed. "is benefit may last as long
as 5 years read more...

Saturday, March 5, 2016

Skin appendages

The skin contains the following appendages.
Each hair is composed of a medulla, cortex and outer cuticle.
The hair follicle consists of an inner root sheath, derived from the epidermis, and
an outer root sheath, derived from the dermis.
Several sebaceous glands drain into each follicle. Discharge from these glands is
aided by the contraction of erector pili muscles.
Velus hairs are fine and downy.
Terminal hairs are coarse.
Hairs are in either the telogen or the anogen phase.
75% of hairs are in the anogen (growth) phase at any one time.
The remaining 25% of hairs are in the telogen (resting) phase.
These sweat glands secrete an odourless hypotonic fluid.
They are present in all sites of the body.
Eccrine glands occur more frequently in the eyelids, palms, feet and axilla.
These are located in the axilla and groin.
They emit a thicker secretion than eccrine glands.
They are responsible for body odour.
Hidradenitis suppurativa is an infection of the apocrine glands.
These are holocrine glands that usually drain into the pilosebaceous unit.
1• They drain directly onto the skin in the labia, penis and tarsus (meibomian
glands).
• They occur more frequently on the forehead, nose and cheek.
• Sebaceous glands are not the sole cause of so-called sebaceous cysts. These cysts
are in fact of epidermal origin and contain all of the substances secreted by the skin
(predominantly keratin).
• Some authorities maintain that they should therefore be called epidermoid
cysts.
• Eccrine or merocrine glands secrete opened vesicles via exocytosis.
• Apocrine glands secrete unbroken vesicles which later discharge.
• Holocrine glands secrete whole cells which then disintegrate.
Acanthosisahyperplasia of the epithelium.
Papillomatosisaan increase in the depth of the corrugations at the junction
between epidermis and dermis.
Hyperkeratosisaan increase in the thickness of the keratin layer.

Parakeratosisathe presence of nucleated cells at the skin surface.

Cellular composition of the epidermis

Keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis.
Langerhans cells form part of the immune system and function as antigenpresenting
cells.Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors of neural crest origin.
Melanocytes:
Are neural crest derivatives
Are usually located in the stratum germinativum
Produce melanin, which protects the surrounding skin by absorbing UV
light.

The dermis accounts for 95% of the thickness of the skin.
The papillary dermis is superficial and contains more cells and finer collagen
fibres.The reticular dermis is deeper and contains fewer cells and coarser collagen
fibres.The dermis is composed of the following.

Collagen fibresThese fibres are produced by fibroblasts.
They are responsible for much of the strength of the skin.
The normal ratio of type 1 to type 3 collagen is 5 : 1.
Elastin fibresThese are secreted by fibroblasts.
They are responsible for the elastic recoil of the skin.
Ground substanceThis consists of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), hyaluronic acid, dermatan
sulfate and chondroitin sulfate.GAGs are secreted by fibroblasts and become ground substance when hydrated.
Vascular plexus
This separates the denser reticular dermis from the overlying papillary dermis.

Structure and function of the skin


The functions of the skin include:1 Physical protection2 Protection against UV light3 Protection against microbiological invasion4 Prevention of fluid loss5 Regulation of body temperature6 Sensation7 Immunological surveillance.The epidermisThe epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
It is derived from ectoderm.
Epidermal cells undergo keratinization in which their cytoplasm is replaced with
keratin as the cell dies and becomes more superficial.The epidermis is composed of the following five layers, from deep tosuperficial.1 Stratum germinativumThis is also known as the basal layer.
The cells within this layer have cytoplasmic projections, which firmly link them
to the underlying basal lamina.This is the only actively proliferating layer of skin.
The stratum germinativum contains melanocytes.
2 Stratum spinosumThe stratum spinosum is also known as the prickle cell layer.
This layer contains large keratinocytes which produce keratin.
The cells within this layer are joined to each other by tonofibrils (prickles).
3 Stratum granulosumThe stratum granulosum contains mature keratinocytes, which possess cytoplasmic
granules of keratohyalin.This layer is called the stratum granulosum because of these granules.
The stratum granulosum is the predominant site of protein synthesis.
4 Stratum lucidumThis is a clear layer.
The stratum lucidum is only present in the thick skin of the palms and feet.
5 Stratum corneumThe stratum corneum contains non-viable keratinized cells.
The thick cells of this layer protect against trauma.
The stratum corneum:
Insulates against fluid loss
Protects against bacterial invasion.
Sebum produced by the sebaceous glands of the stratum corneum is bactericidal
to both streptococci and staphylococci.read more...

Friday, March 4, 2016

What Research Is Being Done on Acne?

Scientists are looking at new ways to treat acne. Current research includes:
1 : Working on new drugs to treat acne, including new topical antibiotics
2 : Looking at ways to prevent plugs
3 : Looking at ways to stop the hormone testosterone from causing acne
4 : Understanding more about bacteria on the skin. read more ...

What Are Some Myths About the Causes of Acne?


There are many myths about what causes acne. Dirty skin and stress do not cause acne. Also,

chocolate and greasy foods do not cause acne in most people.read more ...

What Things Can Make Acne Worse?

Some things can make acne worse:
1 : Changing hormone levels in teenage girls and adult women 2 to 7 days before their period
starts
2 : Pressure from bike helmets, backpacks, or tight collars
3 : Pollution and high humidity
4 : Squeezing or picking at pimples
5 : Hard scrubbing of the skin.read more ...

How Should People With Acne Care for Their Skin?


Here are some ways to care for skin if you have acne:
1 : Clean skin gently. Use a mild cleanser in the morning, evening, and after heavy workouts.
Scrubbing the skin does not stop acne. It can even make the problem worse.
2 : Try not to touch your skin. People who squeeze, pinch, or pick their pimples can get scars or
dark spots on their skin.
3 : Shave carefully. If you shave, you can try both electric and safety razors to see which works
best. With safety razors, use a sharp blade. Also, it helps to soften your beard with soap and
water before putting on shaving cream. Shave lightly and only when you have to.
4 : Stay out of the sun. Many acne medicines can make people more likely to sunburn. Being in
the sun a lot can also make skin wrinkle and raise the risk of skin cancer.
5 : Choose makeup carefully. All makeup should be oil free. Look for the word “noncomedogenic”
on the label. This means that the makeup will not clog up your pores. But some people still get
acne even if they use these products.
6 : Shampoo your hair regularly. If your hair is oily, you may want to shampoo daily.read more ...

How Is Acne Treated?

Acne is treated by doctors who work with skin problems (dermatologists). Treatment tries to:
1 : Heal pimples
2 : Stop new pimples from forming
3 : Prevent scarring
4 : Help reduce the embarrassment of having acne.
Early treatment is the best way to prevent scars. Your doctor may suggest over-the-counter (OTC)
or prescription drugs. Some acne medicines are put right on the skin. Other medicines are pills that

you swallow. 
The doctor may tell you to use more than one medicine.read more ...

What Causes Acne?

The cause of acne is unknown. Doctors think certain factors might cause it:
1 : The hormone increase in teenage years (this can cause the oil glands to plug
up more often)
2 : Hormone changes during pregnancy
3 : Starting or stopping birth control pills
4 : Heredity (if your parents had acne, you might get it too)
5 : Some types of medicine
6 : Greasy makeup.read more...

Who Gets Acne?

Acne is the most common skin disease. People of all races and ages get acne. But
it is most common in teenagers and young adults. An estimated 80 percent of all
people between the ages of 11 and 30 have acne outbreaks at some point. Some

people in their forties and fifties still get acne.read more ...

How Does Acne Develop?

Sometimes, the hair, sebum, and skin cells clump together into a plug. The
bacteria in the plug cause swelling. Then when the plug starts to break down, a
pimple grows.
There are many types of pimples. The most common types are:
1 : Whiteheads. These are pimples that stay under the surface of the skin.
2 : Blackheads. These pimples rise to the skin's surface and look black. The black
color is not from dirt.
3 :  Papules. These are small pink bumps that can be tender.
4 : Pustules. These pimples are red at the bottom and have pus on top.
5 : Nodules. These are large, painful, solid pimples that are deep in the skin.

6 : Cysts. These deep, painful, pus-filled pimples can cause scars.read more ...

Ways to Treat Acne

Acne is a disease that affects the skin's oil glands. The small holes in your skin
(pores) connect to oil glands under the skin. These glands make an oily substance
called sebum. The pores connect to the glands by a canal called a follicle. Inside
the follicles, oil carries dead skin cells to the surface of the skin. A thin hair also
grows through the follicle and out to the skin. When the follicle of a skin gland clogs
up, a pimple grows.
Most pimples are found on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders. Acne is not

a serious health threat, but it can cause scars.Read more...

Nail Beauty Tips

1. Want to make absolutely sure that your nail
polish is dry? Take the taste test. Just lick your nail, and if you can taste nail polish, it's not dry yet. No taste? You're good to go.
2. Want to keep nail polish on longer? Do what the
professional Nail Technicians do. Take a Q-tip
dipped in rubbing alcohol, and rub over clean dry
nails. Let dry before you apply polish. By taking off
the excess oil on the surface of the nail, polish will
adhere better, and last longer. Then apply hand
moisturizer or oils after the nail polish is dry.
3. Need an instant cuticle softener? Crisco or olive oil will work in a pinch.
99. Have a lip balm that doesn't work or tastes bad? Works great as a nighttime cuticle treatment.
4. Need to get super smooth heels? Soak in a
warm bath first to soften skin. Then apply a layer of oil, vaseline or a greasy type of moisturizer. Apply to your dry heels and then pumice away. The oils will the pumice buff off the dead skin and gives a

moisturizing treatment at the same time. Rinse off when done, for silky smooth feet.more...

Hair Beauty Tips

1. A model told me this trick. She runs a Gold Shimmer stick through her blonde hair and then brushes through. Instant shimmer and highlights, especially around the face.
2. To create amazing waves and texture in hair,
create your own 'texture spray' with a spray bottle of literally 3/4 water and 1/4 salt. Mix, and spray into dry hair light, and scrunch. Your hair gets instantly
thicker and wavier. Just don't overdo it. Salt can dry out color, processed and fried hair.
3. You're coloring your hair, and you goofed. You
got hair color on your skin. What to do? Grab your
skin BufPuf, or pumice stone. On damp skin, rub off
until your stain is gone. Yes, your skin will be a little
pink, but by buffing the top layer of the skin, you've
also removed the hair color stain as well.
4. Tired of dealing with hair colored stained skin? Apply a layer of vaseline onto your forehead and temples to keep color from getting onto the skin. Wipe off when you see the color developing and turning darker. Then apply another layer to keep color off as your rinse and shampoo.
5. Need a deep conditioning treatment for your hair
in a jiffy? Use virgin olive oil. The virgin brand leaves
no scent and it's the closest to your scalp's natural
oils. It's also the easiest to wash out of your hair. The
easy way to apply? Try mixing olive oil with water (3
parts olive oil to 1 part water) in a spray bottle, and
spritz on dry hair at night. Or, for help with those dry
ends, on those pony tail days, coat your palms with a
little olive oil and coat the ends of dry hair. You hair
will be super shiny, soft and moisture-rich. Use
during the day as a shine enhancer.
6. Can't wash out that oil treatment from your hair?
Apply shampoo on dry hair first. Work through, then
apply water, lather and rinse. Repeat if necessary.
7. Damaged, dry hair? Conditioner not doing the
trick? Maybe it's how you're applying it. Instead of
applying your conditioner to wet hair, wait for a lazy
day or a lonely night. Then on dry hair, saturate your hair with a deep penetrating conditioner and let soak in. Then leave on overnight, or all day (a ponytailed
baseball hat look works the best.) Shampoo the next morning. All those frizzies, dry ends and straw like
hair will be banished.
8. Have left over hair conditioner from those hair
color kits? Save them for your next hair color
application. What do you do with them? Apply a thin
layer of the conditioner around your forehead and
hairline to prevent hair color from staining your skin.
When you're done applying color, just wipe off.
9. Forgot your shaving lotion? In a pinch, use hair conditioner, body lotion or hair styling cream. Apply, shave and rinse when you're done.
10. Hair product not quite doing what you want it to do? Do what the pros do. Mix two together.   Mix a mousse with a dab of styling gel, or a styling cream with a dot of hair gloss.   Mix and match and create your own super styling combo.

11. Trick of the trade. Always apply a quarter size of styling product. That's all you need, really. And apply from the ends up, unless it's a root lift styling product. Then that goes into the scalp.more...

Skin Care Beauty Tips

1. Skin feeling dry lately? Give it a 1-2 punch. On
damp skin, apply a light layer of virgin olive oil. The
easiest way? Dilute 1 parts olive oil to 4 parts water
in a water spray bottle. Mist all over and rub in until
the oil disappears. THEN apply another layer of your
favorite body lotion. Vitamin E and Collagen enriched
are the best. Let sink in, easiest when done as part
of your night time ritual. Next morning? Baby smooth
skin .
2. I'm a big fan of those vitamin E lipsticks, chap
sticks and lip balms....but sometimes, I'll get one that
tastes just awful. Don't toss it out. Use those instead
as great nail and cuticle conditioners. Keep one on
your night stand or desk, and apply whenever you
see it. You'll have stronger nails and well conditioned
cuticles in no time.
3. Need to uplift your spirits? Try a sugar body rub:
Mix sugar into olive or corn oil and rub over dry skin
for a exfoliating rub. Then rinse off in a tub full of
warm water that's scented with aroma therapy oils.
Peppermint wakes you up, rosemary or lavender
calms you down. You'll feel like a whole new person.
4. Got some extra baby wipes around? They work perfectly to remove Nair or any depilatory if you can't get to the shower fast enough. Just note, that you
DO want to rinse completely afterwards to remove all chemicals from your skin. To remove that chemical
feeling afterwards from a depilatory, just apply some body lotion and it's gone.
5. Need to get glitter off your face after a disco night out on the town? After doing a photo shoot where we had to make a last-minute quick change, I picked up a neat trick. Remove as much as you can with a
dampened Q-tip (the water will pick up the glitter by rolling it off) and whatever excess you have left over, use a metal spatula dipped in Vaseline to lightly

'scrape' the remaining glitter.more...